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Condensation occurs when ever an object is cooler then the air around it
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A more accurate explanation would be that condensation occurs when the temperature of an object drops below the dew point. If the humidity, and thus the dew point, is low then there is less risk of condensation.
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the most common example of condensation would appear on mirror as the air around it rises in temperature (say from a shower) and it becomes cooler then the hot air around it
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That is because the humidity increased. The temperature, though it does relate to the relative humidity, is not really the cause.
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[Referring to consumable phase change materials]
-notoriously unstable
-more of an art then a science
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Actually they are the most stable and trusted method for low temperature cooling in many industries.
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r290 and r22 (both propane with different concentrations) make great candidates because of there availability and sweet spot temps (-56C) for single stagers
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R290 is pure propane, R22 is chlorodiflouromethane, and to get either of them to boil at -56C would take a pretty good vacuum.
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A cascade should only be attempted by someone how has already mastered single stagers, if you do it wrong you’ll be building a multi stage bomb that will kill you.
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A cascade system isn't really any more dangerous than a single stage unless the pressures are excessively high in one or more stages. Mixed refrigerant autocascade systems are a bit more dangerous.
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LN2O is incredibly simple[...]
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"LN2O" should just be "LN2"