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I'm not sure what you mean :-) If you look in device manager, you can see how much address space the graphics card has reserved. If you have 1 GB vram, I bet it has reserved much less than that. Usually it is 256 MB per gpu plus a small amount. That is also why johnb35 sees more than 3 GB...

He is right, it can just be unclear to understand what he means. The graphics card reserve address space (a window) that points to its vram. That "window" can be much smaller than the amount of vram. That is why he says that.

That is because the mapping between vram and cpu address space is not 1:1, so it will use less than 1 GB of address space.

A graphics card does take up some address space (typically 256 MB pr gpu). 32bit XP only has 4 GB of address space, so there will be less space available for system ram.

You made it sound like BIOS comes after POST. My post was only about that.

The program code that does the POST resides in BIOS.

It depends on how large the leak is and if it is 32 or 64 bit. A 32bit process runs out of address space at 2-4 GB no matter how much ram you install.

Applications that make use of the pagefile on their own is really just a myth. The pagefile is only used internally by the kernel.

ayan, any popular program will be prioritized by hackers when exploits are found. Especially networking programs like p2p. That is one of their methods to create large botnets. It happens and will continue to happen. The keyword is: always keep your software updated. That can block many attacks.

If someone knows a vulnerability in utorrent then anything is possible

Well, you were the one that posted the picture of your system. It almost looks like the one from Prison Break. So if anyone needs to be paranoid, it is you :o

How can you guarantee that? What if the drive's firmware is infected?

You seem to be asking the same questions in many different threads

delete/create partition, format/quick format with xp. The same very small area of your harddrive is affected. No matter how many times you do it, most of the data on the harddrive will be unaffected. Full format with vista or win 7 and everyting will be gone.

Not if you are using xp. Vista and win 7 are different when doing a full format

Even if you let xp format your entire harddrive, it will be recoverable. Xp only overwrites a small part of the drive during a quick/full format.

Those "low level"-tools are just like dban. They just overwrite the harddrive.

dban just overwrites every sector on the harddrive. Low level format is the building of the drive's geometry.

Low level format is done at the factory. You cannot do that yourself on modern drives.

Windows' boot loader is copied like any normal file (ntldr/bootmgr)