Section 1 - Part 01
Section 1 - Definitions
CPU
Central Processing Unit, this is effectively the brains of the computer and it is this that performs all the calculations that allow the computer to function. It is also referred to as
processor, proc or chip
Core
If referring to the name of the processor or the architecture the core of the processor refers to the under-the-hood name of the CPU. As a similar analogy, wheres a processor may liken to "pickup truck" or "car" (or even a specific make and model), the core would like to "V8" or "HEMI" or something as such. To add to the confusion, there are subtimes revisions of cores and often in common computer speak, core names may even be shorted down. A quick list of some cores past present and future:
Intel: Deschutes, Covington, Mendocino, Katmai, Coppermine, Willamette, Northwood A, Northwood B, Northwood C, Banias, Dothan, Gallatin, Prescott, Cedar Mill, Smithfield, Presler, Dempsey, Paxville, Tulsa, Millington, Montecito, DP Montrale, Montrale, Millville, Whitefield, Dimora, Tukwila, Allendale
AMD: Spitfire, Applebred, Morgon, Thunderbird, Palomino, Thoroughbred A, Thoroughbred B, Thorton, Barton, Roma, Georgetown, Albany, Palermo, Newcastle, Winchester, Paris, Venice, San Diego, Clawhammer, Toledo, Denmark, Troy, Egypt
The core name may also be referred to as the
codename of the processor. Please note the above is a brief list of examples, not a complete list of all available cores.
Core Clock, FSB
The core clock is an indication of the speed of the signals entering the processor (i.e., think of it as the speed of the socket the CPU plugs into). This number (sometimes referred to as the front-side-bus or FSB speed) is a number that has significance to overclockers.
As of this time of writing, valid (stock) core/FSB clock values are 100, 133, 166, 200 and 266MHz. When buying a CPU/mobo, often the packaging is purposefully deceptive and you will see stuff like FSB800 or FSB1066 or something to that effect. Those numbers are not the FSB but in fact, are the BUS speeds.
The net clock speed of the processor (so for instance with a Pentium4 550 or an Athlon64 3500) is a product of that core/FSB clockspeed multiplied by a scalar. So we have:
Pentium4 550 = 200MHz x 17.0 = 3400MHz
Athlon64 3500 = 200MHz x 11.0 = 2200MHz
Multiplier, Divider
- Multipliers are the constants we multiply the core/FSB speed by to get the net CPU clock speed. Unless we are dealing with a processor where the multiplier is unlocked, the only way to alter the net clock speed is to change the core/FSB speed. For some processors (like the Athlon64 series), the multiplier isnt entirely locked but rather it is only
up-locked. What this means is that you cannot increase the multiplier (i.e., you cannot get performance you didnt pay for) but you can however lower the multiplier (for purposes of reducing heat or power consumption etc)
- With the case of AMD's K8 based (or in the future, similar) processors where the memory controller is contained on the CPU (rather than traditionally on the motherboard itself), there is an additional constant known as the divider. The divider is what we divide the net clock speed by to get the memory clock speed. To add to the complication, determining the divider depends on yet another ratio (which will be covered more indepth in the overclocking 101)
Process
Processors a designed from tiny transistors and connecting those transistors togrther are tiny little wires. The process refers to the width/thickness of those wires measured either in microns or nanometers. The smaller the process [size], the more advanced the design. Common process sizes are 130nm (0.13) and 90nm (0.09)
BUS
- When referring to the physical infrastructure of the computer, the BUS literally refers to the copper traces on the motherboard connecting everything with everything else.
- When referring to an architecture design, the BUS refers to groupings of the previously noted copper ttraces. They are grouped by functionality and family (i.e., AGP bus caters to video, PCI caters to general peripherals, RAMBUS to memory etc). Another architecturally inspired (and equally common) definition refers to the type of interconnect that exists between the core components of a computer (CPU, memory, video etc). In the case of the latter definition, the two common typers of BUSes used are the front-side-bus and the hypertransport (aka lightning data transport)
- When referring to a "speed" or sorts (i.e., BUS speed), the BUS speed is,
for Intel, four times the core clock speed and
for AMD, up to ten times the core clock speed.
Sockets
You cant just take any processor and plug it into any board -- it has to fit -- and there are different interconnects (which are incompatible with each other however for some there are adapters). In common converse, "socket" may be reduced to "S" or "SKT". There are an ungodly number of exceptions to this rule (especially with Intel processors -- anyone who's dug around with OPNs will know)
- Socket 423 = This was the initial socket interface used by Intel's Pentium4s when they debuted. Discontinued.
- SocketA/Socket462 = This is a 462 pin connection used by AthlonXP/Duron/Sempron series processors. This has recently been discontinued
- Socket478 = A 478 pin connection used by a good number of Intel's Pentium4/Celeron lineup and has only been recently phased out
- Socket479 = This is a 479 pin interface used by Pentium M and Celeron M (both are mobile) processors
- Socket603/Socket604 = This is a 602 pin, Intel Xeon interface
- Socket754 = A 754 pin interface used by some of AMD's Athlon64 and Sempron lineup. Anything using this configuration will not support dual channel memory.
- Socket775/SocketT/LGA775 = A new interface used by modern Intel Pentium4/PentiumD/CeleronD processors, this is a slightly backwards interface which has the pins on the board and the sockets on the chip instead of the reverse as we've all come to love
- Socket939 = This is the mainstream AMD Athlon64 interface and anything using this will support dual channel memory access
- Socket940 = Originally used as a AMD Athlon64 interface as well as the AMD Opteron setup, this configuration has since been relegated to Opteron processors only and does support dual channel memory This configuration requires fancy registered memory
Continue to Part 02