When you install any operating system a boot loader is created that specifies where to look for that operating system's initiation files in order to see it load up. With the newer versions of Windows a hardware profile is created when installed along with the boot loader. That and the boot sector on the drive contain information on what type of drive and how it is connected to the main board to some degree.
An ide drive is still and ide drive where Windows will expect to read and write through the ide not sata bus. For a drive used for storage only the transfer to an adpater like the one shown will simply speed things up for data access there.