Refrigeration/Phase-Change: Not for the light of heart or wallet phase-change systems can obtain temperatures of -50 or even lower. This system uses a four step process to cool. A gas (usually Freon) is sucked into a compressor after phase-changing (from a liquid to gas) in the evaporator. The gas is then pressurized until it turns back into a liquid and flows into the condenser (a radiator) that removes the heat caused by the evaporator and compression. It then goes into a thin copper tube known as the capillary that lowers the pressure before reaching the evaporator. Once in the evaporator the liquid absorbs the heat and turns into a gas once again. Commercial systems that do this are made for 'reasonable' prices by VapoChill and nVENTIV (Prometeia).
* Advantages: Possible -50C temps, commercially available.
* Disadvantages: Very expensive and large power requirement.
* Required Materials: None if commercially bought, if DIY: Refrigerant gas, compressor, condenser, evaporatpor, capillary tube, housing, and HVAC training (reccomended).
* Price Range: $800+ (VapoChill LightSpeed)- 1,160+(Promethia Mach II GT)
* Example: VapoChill PE
* Would you like to know more?
im not much of a science guy so this is what ived read about phase change.